relationship loss: subclass hyobranchial muscles (AAO:0000224)[AAO]

Source: Winterbottom, R. 1973. A Descriptive Synonymy of the Striated Muscles of the Teleostei. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. 125 (1973), pp. 225-317.[TAO]

Muscle located on ventral side of the head, linking the ventral hyoid arch to the dentary. Innervated by ramus mandibularis V and ramus hyoides VII.[TAO]

Muscle that pulls the hyoid apparatus forward and depresses the lower jaw.[AAO]

protractor hyoidei

protractor hyoideus

coracomandibularis

depressor gnathalis

geniothoracis

branchiomandibularis

geniohyoideus

geniohyoideus muscle

uberon

UBERON:0011151

In amphibians, 'Muscle that pulls the hyoid apparatus forward and depresses the lower jaw.' [AAO:0010655]. 'The protractor hyoideus muscle in teleosts is commonly, albeit mistakenly, referred to as the geniohyoideus muscle, which is involved in the coracomandibularis coupling. According to Edgeworth (1935) and Winterbottom (1974), the protractor hyoideus is composed of a fusion of the intermandibularis posterior and the interhyoideus muscles which resulted in the protractor hyoideus which spans the hyoid and mandible. The intermandibularis spans the mandible while the closely apposed interhyoideus spans the hyoid in other fishes. Furthermore, they concluded that any muscle that is homologous to the geniohyoideus (coracomandibularis coupling) in other lower vertebrates has been lost in teleosts, as well as gars. However, the protractor hyoideus muscle is functionally analogous to the coracomandibularis coupling of other vertebrates and so we use it in our discussion to show the phylogenetically broad roles of these couplings in jaw mechanics.'